Types of Biometric Techniques

Apr

Over the years, biometric identification system has gone from fingerprints to sophisticated scanning methods. With increasing variety of data, the concept grossly remains the same. To run the system, data is gathered from the person and stored in a database. This data will then be compared upon an entry during verification. If the input exists in the database, the person is identified or identity is verified and in the case that data is ambiguous, entry will be rejected.

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Biometric face recognition is a system that can directly identify a person by face. This technology runs by analyzing exclusive features in the face such as the distance between the eyes, nose width, position of the zygomaticus, jaw line, chin, unique shape pattern etc. This system also entails anthropometric measurements of the eyes, nose, mouth, and other facial features for identification. These data collected from the face are combined in a single unit that uniquely identifies each person. The data is captured using video or thermal imaging. The user's identity is confirmed by looking at a screen. As the person's face change with age or plastic surgery modification, facial recognition algorithms measure the relative position of the ears, nose, eyes and other facial features.

Hand geometry is a scheme that captures the physical attributes of a user's hand and fingers. A camera captures a 3D image of the hand and analyzes finger contour image, bifurcations or branches made by edges. It also measures and records the hand’s length, width, thickness, and surface area. This technology is commonly used in access control verification and DTRs.

Fingerprint identification is perhaps the most common type of biometric identification system around. A fingerprint image is captured and stored to the system’s database. At present, fingerprint readers are fitted into memory cards for use in multiple computers and also in mobile phones, and PDAs. It is successfully implemented in the area of actual access control.

Eye recognition is a technique that involves scanning of the retina and the iris of the eye. Retina scan technology maps the capillary pattern in the area and the position of the optical nerve at the back of the eye. A retina scan measures patterns at over 400 points thus, making it a very reliable verification system.

Iris scanning on the other hand analyzes the iris of the eye, which is the colored ring of tissue that surrounding the pupil. This is a highly developed technology with an established track record in a number of applications. Both retinal and iris scans are commonly used in highly confidential military and government facilities.

Voice biometrics, uses the person's voice to verify or identify the person. A microphone on a standard PC with specialized software is required to analyze the unique features of the voice. Mostly used in telephone-based applications, voice verification is easy to use and does not require intensive training. To register an account, the user speaks a given pass phrase into a microphone or telephone handset.

Nowadays, biometric techniques are available in a wide range of variety. Other methods include: